[9] Lee, who had developed a reputation for caution early in the war, knew he had no numerical superiority over McClellan, but he planned an offensive campaign that was the first indication of the aggressive nature he would display for the remainder of the war. The following year, almost 40,000 troops of the Army of the James used Yorktown and Gloucester Point (across the York River from Yorktown) as a staging area for the Bermuda Hundred Campaign. Confederate General Robert E. Lee drove the invading Union Army of the Potomac, commanded by Maj. Gen. George B. McClellan, away from Richmond and into a retreat down the Virginia Peninsula. But in a bold stroke, Robert E. Lee took the initiative, attacking the Union army in what would be known as the Seven Days' Battles. what was the outcome of the peninsula campaign? On August 20, 1861, Maj. Gen. George B. McClellan formed the Army of the Potomac, with himself as its first commander. Holmes's relatively inexperienced troops made no progress against Porter at Turkey Bridge on Malvern Hill, even with the reinforcements from Magruder, and were repulsed by effective artillery fire and by Federal gunboats on the James. Malvern Hill offered good observation and artillery positions, having been prepared the previous day by Porter's V Corps. [43], Initial contact between the armies occurred at 9 a.m. on June 29, a four-regiment fight about 2 miles (3.2 km) west of Savage's Station, lasting for about two hours before disengaging. The Army of the Potomac, lacking overall command coherence, presented a discontinuous, ragged defensive line. After a successful start on the Peninsula that foretold an early end to the war, Northern morale was crushed by McClellan's retreat. Stonewall Jackson eventually crossed the river by about 2:30 a.m. on June 30, but it was too late to crush the Union Army, as Lee had hoped. A.P. He sent a telegram to the Secretary of War that included the statement: "If I save this Army now I tell you plainly that I owe no thanks to you or any other persons in Washington—you have done your best to sacrifice this Army." 80–81; Burton. Huger's division was to follow as well, but Lee reserved the right to position him based on developments. [38], On June 28, Toombs again was ordered to conduct a reconnaissance, but turned it into an attack over the same ground, meeting the enemy at the farm of Simon Gouldin (also known as Golding). Gens. Lee's army, which had been on the offensive during the Seven Days, lost over 20,000. He was able to occupy 60,000 Federal troops while the heavier action occurred north of the river. Eicher, p. 283; Time-Life, p. 31; Rafuse, p. 221. Hill. His actions have puzzled military historians ever since. Hill and Longstreet, under Longstreet's overall command, turned out to be the only ones to follow Lee's order to attack the main Union concentration. Lee also removed several generals such as John Magruder and Benjamin Huger who had performed poorly during the Seven Days Battles.[69]. Jackson would clear the north bank of the river, permitting Lee to join him there and assemble a force of 60,000 troops to cut the railroad line. Although Jackson's wing of the army and Franklin's corps comprised tens of thousands of men, the action at White Oak Swamp included no infantry activity and was limited to primarily an artillery duel with few casualties. Toombs took it upon himself to order his fellow brigade commander, Col. George T. Anderson, to join the assault. Probably the most famous new weapon of the Peninsula campaign was the ironclad warship. By the time all of these units reached the front, the two sides were at rough parity—two brigades each. His attack gained only 600 yards (550 m) at a cost of over 1,000 casualties on both sides and was not strong enough to derail the offensive planned by Robert E. Lee, which had already been set in motion. More than 8000 men fell killed and wounded at Malvern Hill, elevating the cost of the Seven Days battles to approximately 35,000 men. Gen. John Sedgwick's division, which had units both in reserve and around White Oak Swamp, came up to fill a gap after a brutal counterattack. Benjamin Huger's division numbered approximately 8600 men. The American Battlefield Trust and our members have saved more than 53,000 acres in 24 states! Access to the straits and … The Confederate army was not a proper unified command as the Army of the Potomac was, but simply a thrown-together collection of all the troops that could be gathered for the defense of Richmond. It ended indecisively. [26], Lee continued his offensive on June 27, launching the largest Confederate attack of the war, about 57,000 men in six divisions. For the remainder of the Seven Days, he had no direct command of the battles. We suggest checking online or calling ahead as you plan your visits. Gen. Robert Ransom's brigade, in their first combat engagement, delivered a perfectly synchronized volley of rifle fire against Sickles's brigade, breaking up its delayed attack and sending the 71st New York into a panicked retreat, which Sickles described as "disgraceful confusion. Repeated assaults failed to dislodge Porter. Porter had performed well against heavy odds. He need not have worried about McClellan. Lee's final opportunity to intercept the Union Army was at the Battle of Glendale on June 30, but poorly executed orders and the delay of Stonewall Jackson's troops allowed his enemy to escape to a strong defensive position on Malvern Hill. "Stonewall" Jackson's force from the Shenandoah Valley was imminent (McClellan was aware of Jackson's presence at Ashland Station, but did nothing to reinforce Porter's vulnerable corps north of the river). : that I have honestly done the best I could; I shall leave it to others to decide whether that was the best that could have been done—& if they find any who can do better am perfectly willing to step aside & give way. Hill's attack at Glendale, June 30, 1862. This opened the James River to Federal gunboats. John Magruder's three divisions numbered about 13,000 men. Writing to President Jefferson Davis on June 5, Lee expressed his concerns about a passive defense. Confederate reports listed only combat troops and excluded non-combatants such as couriers, staff officers, and wagon drivers. Philip Kearny and Henry W. Slocum (to the north), held against repeated Confederate attacks. Gaines's Mill was the only clear-cut Confederate tactical victory of the Peninsula Campaign. The Union defeat injured McClellan's standing with Lincoln, stalled the first campaign to take Richmond, and ultimately led to the evacuation of the Union army from the Richmond area. Esposito, map 45; Harsh, p. 92; Eicher, p. 284; Salmon, pp. ", Lee's army suffered 5,355 casualties (versus 3,214 Union) in this wasted effort, but continued to follow the Union army all the way to Harrison's Landing. Gen. James L. Kemper's Virginians charged through the thick woods first and emerged in front of five batteries of McCall's artillery. A.P. The Majority of our funds go directly to Preservation and Education. South of the river, Magruder and Huger were to demonstrate to deceive the four Union corps on their front. Malvern Hill was not a tenable position to stay in, and the Army of the Potomac quickly withdrew to Harrison's Landing, where it was protected by Union gunboats on the James River. Jackson's inaction allowed some units to be detached from Franklin's corps in late afternoon to reinforce the Union troops at Glendale. Cavalry commander Jeb Stuart reached the heights and began bombardment with a single cannon. Gen. George Sykes; he backed off to await Jackson's arrival. Shows the Confederate and Union fortifications located between the York River to the north and the James River to the south during the Peninsular campaign of 1862. [58], The final battle of the Seven Days was the first in which the Union Army occupied favorable ground. The divisions of Longstreet and A.P. Once he learned of McClellan's retreat, Lee launched his pursuit. Despite vigorous marching on the 26th, Jackson progressed slowly. By 4 p.m., Magruder arrived and he was ordered forward to support Armistead. Esposito, map 46; Time-Life, p. 50; Burton. The series of battles is sometimes known erroneously as the Seven Days Campaign, but it was actually the culmination of the Peninsula Campaign, not a separate campaign in its own right. Students of the war who are unalterably critical of frontal assaults would do well to study Gaines Mill. [39], These were the only attacks south of the Chickahominy River in conjunction with Gaines's Mill, but they helped to convince McClellan that he was being subjected to attacks from all directions, increasing his anxiety and his determination to get his army to safety at the James. The high stakes of the Peninsula campaign—the fate of Richmond and with it, perhaps, the Confederacy—drove leaders on both sides to seek every advantage in battle, including using some of the latest military technology on land, sea, and in the air. Napoleon’s peninsula struggle contributed considerably to his eventual downfall; but until 1813 the conflict in Spain and Portugal, though costly, exercised only an indirect effect upon the … Fought during the period of a week, Lee would win for the Confederacy a strategic victory in the forcing of McClellan to withdraw his army and end the Peninsula Campaign, and enabling Lee to begin his effort at an invasion of Maryland. Lieutenant General T. J. Despite their victory, many Confederates were stunned by the losses. But Lee had unnerved him, and he surrendered the initiative. Huger's division would strike first after a three-mile (5 km) march on the Charles City Road, supported by Longstreet and A.P. The approaching soldiers were delayed by severely muddy roads and poor maps. McClellan's retreat gained a head start southward because Lee could not deduce the Union army's exact intentions, and was stalled on the wrong side of the river. The armies that fought in the Seven Days Battles comprised almost 200,000 men, which offered the potential for the largest battles of the war. His proximity to Porter's flank caused McClellan to order Porter to withdraw after dark behind Boatswain's Swamp, 5 miles (8.0 km) to the east. Forced to either concentrate his army for a climactic fight for control of the railroad, or abandon the lines in front of Richmond altogether, McClellan took the conservative route and retreated. Hill resumed his attack across Beaver Dam Creek early in the morning, but found the line lightly defended. But the Army of the Potomac struggled with an immense supply line stretching from White House Landing on the Pamunkey River to the front lines nearly a dozen miles to the west, and McClellan had so positioned his five corps that the swampy Chickahominy River bisected his front. McClellan launched a local attack that day along the Williamsburg Road just east of Richmond, his stated purpose being "to drive in the enemy's pickets from the woods." They assaulted the disjointed Union line of 40,000 men, arranged in a two-mile (3 km) arc north and south of the Glendale intersection, but the brunt of the fighting was centered on the position held by the Pennsylvania Reserves division of the V Corps, 6,000 men under Brig. It featured a naval flanking movement around the Confederate Army and an advance on Richmond along a lightly defended peninsula. Following the engagement between the ironclads Monitor and Merrimack at nearby Hampton Roads (March 9), Federal supplies and 100,000 troops were … (Lee hoped that Porter would evacuate his trenches under pressure, obviating the need for a direct frontal assault.) Every purchase supports the mission. [41], Lee devised a complex plan to pursue and destroy McClellan's army. [11], McClellan also planned an offensive. Popular Confederate historian Clifford Dowdey argued 40 years ago that the campaign as an entity more properly began on June 26 and ended on July 2. The Seven Days began on Wednesday, June 25, 1862, with a Union attack in the minor Battle of Oak Grove, but McClellan quickly lost the initiative as Lee began a series of attacks at Beaver Dam Creek (Mechanicsville) on June 26, Gaines's Mill on June 27, the minor actions at Garnett's and Golding's Farm on June 27 and 28, and the attack on the Union rear guard at Savage's Station on June 29. The battle was inconclusive, with heavy casualties, but it had lasting effects on the campaign. Johnston was wounded and replaced on June 1 by the more aggressive Robert E. Lee. [33] Since the Confederate assault was conducted against only a small portion of the Union Army (the V Corps, one fifth of the army), the army emerged from the battle in relatively good shape overall. Stonewall Jackson was ordered to press the Union rear guard at the White Oak Swamp crossing while the largest part of Lee's army, some 45,000 men, would attack the Army of the Potomac in mid-retreat at Glendale, about 2 miles (3.2 km) southwest, splitting it in two. False intelligence and wishful thinking helped lure Lee into an attack anyway. [8], The first heavy fighting of the campaign occurred in the Battle of Williamsburg (May 5), in which the Union troops managed some tactical victories, but the Confederates continued their withdrawal. Esposito, text to map 45 (called Stuart's raid "of dubious value"); Time-Life, p. 25–30; Rafuse, p. 221; Harsh, pp. William Whiting had around 4000 men in his two brigades. Gens. Magruder's guides mistakenly sent him on the Long Bridge Road to the southwest, away from the battlefield. Here is a quick description and cover image of book To the Gates of Richmond: The Peninsula Campaign written by Stephen W. Sears which was published in 1992-9-1. After inspecting the line of march that morning, McClellan rode south and boarded the ironclad USS Galena on the James. A cheering victory that saved the capital city energized the South and gave it another hero in R. E. Lee. Under ordinary circumstances the Federal Army should have been destroyed. The Union gunners had superior equipment and expertise and disabled most of the Confederate batteries. McClellan's Army of the Potomac, with approximately 105,000 men,[2] was organized largely as it had been at Seven Pines. For the next three weeks, Lee concentrated his energy on executing that plan. During the summer and fall, McClellan brought a high degree of organization to his new army, and greatly improved its morale by his frequent trips to review and encourage his units. This contributed to the poor coordination of the army during the battles and the inability of Robert E. Lee to destroy the Union army. [37], While Lee's main attack at Gaines's Mill was progressing on June 27, the Confederates south of the Chickahominy performed a reconnaissance in force to determine the location of McClellan's retreating army. The Peninsula Campaign of 1862 was probably the single most ambitious Union operation of the American Civil War. (He reported to Washington that he faced 200,000 Confederates, but there were actually 85,000. On August 4, the order came down for McClellan to withdraw from the Peninsula and return to the Aquia Creek area at once. ★Yorktown Waterfront – Once the Confederates aban-doned Yorktown it became a busy Union port. A.P. Huger and Magruder would provide diversions on their fronts to distract McClellan as to Lee's real intentions. Longstreet was ordered to conduct a diversionary attack to stabilize the lines until Jackson could arrive and attack from the north. The average strength of Confederate divisions varied from 12,000 men (A.P. The Seven Days Battles were a series of seven battles over seven days from June 25 to July 1, 1862, near Richmond, Virginia, during the American Civil War. This first led his army to Yorktown, where instead of trying to attack through Confederate defenses, a siege began, taking several weeks for Federal forces to get past the obscuring Confederates. McClellan reported casualties of about 16,000 (1,734 killed, 8,062 wounded, and 6,053 captured or missing) out of a total of 105,445. The Seven Days ended with McClellan's army in relative safety next to the James River, having suffered almost 16,000 casualties during the retreat. Gen. Joseph Hooker (to the south) and Brig. By giving him the commands in Northern Virginia, troops from the Washington garrison, and whatever forces could be pulled from the West, he argued that he might have a fighting chance. Peninsular War, Spanish Guerra de la Independencia (“War of Independence”), (1808–14), that part of the Napoleonic Wars fought in the Iberian Peninsula, where the French were opposed by British, Spanish, and Portuguese forces. Despite heavy casualties which the less populated South could ill afford and clumsy tactical performances by Lee and his generals, Confederate morale skyrocketed, and Lee was emboldened to continue his aggressive strategy through the Second Battle of Bull Run and the Maryland Campaign. On July 2, McClellan reached his new base at Harrison's Landing on the James. Battle of Malvern Hill What does Lee do during the Battle of Malvern Hill? McClellan was concerned that the Confederate buildup on his right flank threatened his supply line, the Richmond and York River Railroad north of the Chickahominy, and he decided to shift his base of supply to the James River. In preparation for that, he planned an attack on Oak Grove, south of Old Tavern and the Richmond and York River Railroad, which would position his men to attack Old Tavern from two directions.[13]. Meanwhile, the equally-exhausted Army of Northern Virginia, with no reason to remain in the James bottomlands, pulled back to the Richmond lines to lick its wounds. McClellan's previous position as general-in-chief of all the Union armies, vacant since March, was filled on July 23, 1862, by Maj. Gen. Henry W. Halleck, although McClellan did retain command of the Army of the Potomac. For those continuing on to Part 2 of the Peninsula Campaign Tour in Richmond, New Kent is a waypoint along the way; for those heading back to the DC or Baltimore area (as I was), it is a spot to catch on the way home from Virginia Peninsula. Only when Lee combined all his troops in an enormous attack was he able to fracture the Union line just before sunset, too late to achieve a total victory. BY JOHN V QUARSTEIN. [24], Overall, the battle was a Union tactical victory, in which the Confederates suffered heavy casualties and achieved none of their specific objectives due to the seriously flawed execution of Lee's plan. The Peninsula campaign was the unsuccessful attempt by McClellan to capture the Confederate capital of Richmond and end the war. At a crucial moment in the battle, the 26th North Carolina of Brig. Huger took advantage of the confusion by launching a counterattack with the brigade of Brig. [34], The night of June 27, McClellan ordered his entire army to withdraw to a secure base at Harrison's Landing on the James River. Time-Life, p. 63; Eicher, p. 293; Burton. Ambrose R. Wright and Lewis A. Armistead) on the Confederate right and D.H. Hill's division (brigades of Brig. There were two flaws in this plan. John Bell Hood and his Texas Brigade won on that field the first of their many accolades. 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