Jerry Johnson, one of the striking Eastover miners, attributes the conclusion of the strike to the presence of Kopple and her film crew: "The cameras probably saved a bunch of shooting. Kopple and her crew spent years with the families depicted in the film, documenting the dire straits they encountered while striking for safer working conditions, fair labor practices, and decent wages. Their stories were often told through the songs. A heartbreaking record of the thirteen-month struggle between a community fighting to survive and a corporation dedicated to the bottom line. I. Harlan County, USA By Randy Haberkamp Oscar’s Docs, 1964–85: The Front Lines at Home and Abroad program notes, 2011 Reprinted by permission of the author and the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences “I’m a politician first, a filmmaker second,” said Barbara Kopple during the release of her first documentary feature film, “Harlan It was the dawn of the blockbuster age: the buzz around Jaws had barely receded, and Star Wars loomed on the horizon. It was directed and produced by filmmaker Barbara … The best documentary I've seen. Common Sense Note. Harlan County USA divides us into two groups: Those that love it and those that hate it. Barbara Kopple's Academy Award-winning Harlan County USA unflinchingly documents a grueling coal miners' strike in a small Kentucky town.With unprecedented access, Kopple and her crew captured the miners' sometimes violent struggles with strikebreakers, local police, and company thugs. Various – Harlan County USA - Songs Of The Coal Miner's Struggle. Later, after he was convicted of giving $20,000 to another union executive council member to hire the killers of Yablonski and his wife, Boyle appears frail, sickly and using a wheelchair; he was carried up the courthouse steps to face sentencing. I recognized one lady in the movie as a local champion for health care for the poor. 5.0 out of 5 stars Health and Safety. Harlan County, USA is a 1976 Oscar-winning documentary film covering the "Brookside Strike", an effort of 180 coal miners and their wives against the Duke Power Company-owned Eastover Coal Company's Brookside Mine and Prep Plant in Harlan County, southeast Kentucky in 1973. The rest of us (that includes me) hate the image of Harlan Countians as violent, uneducated hooligans. Kopple did provide facts and statistics about the companies and the workers. Get Up, Stand Up: The Story of Pop and Protest part 1, 2003 documentary. Gary Arnold, "'Harlan County': Ardent, Absorbing", "Complete National Film Registry Listing | Film Registry | National Film Preservation Board | Programs at the Library of Congress | Library of Congress", "Sight and Sound Publishes Top 50 Documentaries List | IndieWire", "The Best Documentaries of All Time | Sight & Sound", "Barbara Kopple Reflects on Joys and Dangers of Filming ‘Harlan County, USA’", Black Fox: The Rise and Fall of Adolf Hitler, Robert Frost: A Lover's Quarrel with the World. Harlan County, USA by Barbara Kopple a movie to download, on VoD and legal streaming - LaCinetek [2], When Kopple and her cameraman Hart Perry showed up on the picket line, local people did not know what she was doing and were suspicious of their intentions. Directed by Tony Bill. "[5], Film critic Dennis Schwartz liked the documentary, yet found flaw in it providing only one point of view. At its core, Harlan County U.S.A. is a historical document chronicling the lives of miners and their families as they struggle against their employer, Duke Power Company, in the early 1970s. Barbara Kopple’s Oscar winning film is a record of Kentucky coal miners on strike with demands to get unionized. I don't think we'd have won it without the film crew. Harlan County, USA is a 1976 American documentary film covering the "Brookside Strike" a 1973 effort of 180 coal miners and their wives against the Duke Power Company-owned Eastover Coal Company's Brookside Mine and Prep Plant in Harlan County, southeast Kentucky.It won the Oscar for Best Documentary at the 49th Academy Awards.. Saved from youtube.com. Harlan County, USA is documentary at its most ex. It contains a famous scene where guns are fired at the strikers in the darkness before dawn, and Kopple and her cameraman are knocked down and beaten. The pink wad is brain tissue from a striker shot in the head by a strikebreaker. View credits, reviews, tracks and shop for the 1970 Vinyl release of "Harlan County" on Discogs. Harlan, city, seat of Harlan county, southeastern Kentucky, U.S., in the Cumberland Mountains, on the Clover Fork Cumberland River.It was settled in 1819 by Virginians led by Samuel Howard and was known as Mount Pleasant until renamed in 1912 for Major Silas Harlan, who was killed during the American Revolution at the Battle of Blue Licks (August 19, 1782). In all, she worked on the film for four years, including preparation and editing. Die Wilde 13 Merle Travis Harlan County Werner Herzog The Criterion Collection Coal Miners My Old Kentucky Home Harlan Kentucky Best Documentaries. God bless those who work the … A true classic of the genre, Harlan County, USA should be required viewing for every progressive and union-lover. Barbara Kopple's Academy Award-winning Harlan County USA unflinchingly documents a grueling coal miners' strike in a small Kentucky town.With unprecedented access, Kopple and her crew captured the miners' sometimes violent struggles with strikebreakers, local police, and company thugs. give one the full-flavor of the miners' mood and the union fervor sweeping the mining community in the black mountains of Appalachia. The rest of us (that includes me) hate the image of Harlan Countians as violent, uneducated hooligans. Several times she is seen publicly chastising those she feels have been absent from the picket lines. A heartbreaking record of the thirteen-month struggle between a community fighting to survive and a corporation dedicated to the bottom line. "[2], When the film was re-released in 2006, critic Roger Ebert praised the film, writing "The film retains all of its power, in the story of a miners' strike in Kentucky where the company employed armed goons to escort scabs into the mines, and the most effective picketers were the miners' wives -- articulate, indomitable, courageous. Harlan County, USA followed 200 coal-mining families and their battle to get their rights, what every human being needs, and yet it's unbaised. With John L. Lewis, Carl Horn, Norman Yarborough, Logan Patterson. A sensational film that feels like a time capsule in today’s viewings, but is … Helpful. Harlan County, USA. Chronicling a 1973 strike at the coal mines of Duke Power, Barbara Kopple draws us into the culture of Appalachia, the lives of miners and the families, and the everyday struggles of the working poor. Saved by Loki Films. “That’s what a scab will do to ya, by God,” he says, his voice quavering with emotion. It contains a famous scene where guns are fired at the strikers in the darkness before dawn, and Kopple and her cameraman are knocked down and beaten. The strikers and management finally agreed to come to the bargaining table after his death. Contents. Documentary filmmaker Barbara Kopple first found her way into Variety in 1972 as she began work on her first film, “Harlan County, USA.” In 1991, Harlan County, USA was named to the National Film Registry by the Librarian of Congress and designated an American Film Classic. While our spaces remain closed due to Covid-19, the spirit of BAM is very much alive. Barbara Kopple's documentary masterpiece!!! Early in the film Boyle is shown in good health. Tom Hansell, Patricia Beaver and Angela Wiley, This page was last edited on 22 March 2021, at 03:55. With unprecedented access, Kopple and her crew captured the miners’ sometimes violent struggles with strikebreakers, local police, and company thugs. As the strike dragged on for nearly a year, both sides eventually openly brandished their weapons. Hazel Jane Dickens (June 1, 1925 – April 22, 2011) was an American bluegrass singer, songwriter, double bassist and guitarist. Holland’s father lived in Harlan County, and he grew up in a one-stop light town in North Carolina. [7], Harlan County, USA was preserved by the Academy Film Archive, in conjunction with New York Women in Film & Television, in 2004. It was directed and produced by filmmaker Barbara … It was the dawn of the blockbuster age: the buzz around Jaws had barely receded, and Star Wars loomed on the horizon. "Girl", she was told, "you gotta tell people here what you're doin'."[3]. Barbara Kopple and her team provide viewers with an unprecedented look at the labor movement. Joseph Yablonski was a passionate, populistic union representative who was loved by many of the miners. When Harlan County, USA was re-released, critic Roger Ebert praised the film, writing, The film retains all of its power, in the story of a miner’s strike in Kentucky where the company employed goons to escort scabs into the mines, and the most effective pickets were the miners’ wives – articulate, indomitable, courageous. Thank God for them; thank God they're on our side. citing. A sensational film that feels like a time capsule in today’s viewings, but is … Common Sense Note. Label:. It won the Oscar for Best Documentary at the 49th Academy Awards. Harlan County, U.S.A. (1976) Criterion Channel; or Youtube for $2.99 A true classic of the genre, Harlan County, USA should be required viewing for every progressive and union-lover. Verified Purchase. The ones who love it love the depiction of rough and ready union brothers and sisters ready to wage war with the coal company thugs. Rather than using narration to tell the story, Kopple chose to film the words and actions of the people themselves. The pink wad is brain tissue from a striker shot in the head by a strikebreaker. Kopple felt it was important to continue filming (or pretend to, even when they were out of film) because the presence of the crew and staff support seemed to help keep the violence down. Barbara Kopple’s Academy Award–winning Harlan County USA unflinchingly documents a grueling coal miners’ strike in a small Kentucky town. Harlan County, USA.avi. Reviewed in the United States on November 14, 2019. Report abuse. This film documents the coal miners' strike against the Brookside Mine of the Eastover Mining Company in Harlan County… Directed by Barbara Kopple. With John L. Lewis, Carl Horn, Norman Yarborough, Logan Patterson. Oral History Interview with Daniel H. Pollitt, April 17, 1991. Kopple initially intended to make a film about Kenzie, Miners for Democracy and the attempt to unseat Tony Boyle as president of the UMWA. From Barbara Kopple's Harlan County USA. Visit www.thedocumentaryblog.com for more documentary trailers. "[6], The film received a 100% rating on Rotten Tomatoes, the aggregator site. The ones who love it love the depiction of rough and ready union brothers and sisters ready to wage war with the coal company thugs. Although these miners today have no union, the mines of Harlan County have a storied history of grassroots labor militancy. Yablonski had challenged W.A. Educational, Human Rights, Society / 8 Comments A man crouches and pokes at what first appears to be a wad of chewed-up pink bubble gum on the ground. This documentary won an academy award and it's a very powerful movie! Mays is the county’s judge-executive, an antiquated title that carries political but no judicial authority. Depending on your mobility, these larger destinations might be interesting for you: Ben Hur, Brookside, Draper, Harlan, and Kildav.While being here, you might want to … The Harlan County Coal Miners, 1931–39 (University of Illinois Press, 2002) is also titled after the song. Lois Scott, a leading woman in the mining community, is shown playing a major role in galvanizing the people in support of the strike. Eastovers refusal to sign a contract (when the miners joined with the United Mine Workers of America) led to the strike, which lasted more than a year and included violent battles between gun-toting company thugs/scabs and the picketing miners and their supportive women-folk. A group of impoverished coal miners in rural Kentucky strike against their company. It was the dawn of the blockbuster age: the buzz around Jaws had barely receded, and Star Wars loomed on the horizon. Kopple soon asked a striker, "Why are you telling people not to talk to me?" Who Are the DeBolts? Although realistic dramas still attracted mass audiences—as evidenced by Dog Day … Harlan County, USA (1976) dir. The film retains all of its power, in the story of a miners' strike in Kentucky where the company employed armed goons to escort scabs into the mines, and the most effective picketers were the miners' wives -- articulate, indominable, courageous. Harlan County, U.S.A. (1976) Criterion Channel; or Youtube for $2.99. Fast, free delivery. She notes that Duke Power Company's profits increased 170 percent in a single year. They’re shot at and beaten. The jolting power of Harlan County USA (1976) begins within minutes of its claustrophobic opening, as miners belly-flop onto a narrow conveyor belt sucking them into the clammy blackness of the mines. [4] The miners were concerned that accepting such a provision would limit their ability to influence local working conditions. With unprecedented access, Kopple and her crew captured the miners’ sometimes violent struggles with strikebreakers, local police, and company thugs. A Kentucky woman whose mine-worker husband is nearly killed in a cave-in, and whose father is slowly dying of black lung disease, joins the picket lines for a long, violent strike. Harlan County, USA is a 1976 American documentary film covering the "Brookside Strike" a 1973 effort of 180 coal miners and their wives against the Duke Power Company-owned Eastover Coal Company's Brookside Mine and Prep Plant in Harlan County, southeast Kentucky.It won the Oscar for Best Documentary at the 49th Academy Awards.. Barbara Kopple’s Oscar winning film is a record of Kentucky coal miners on strike with demands to get unionized. And Where Did They Get Nineteen Kids? When miners at the Brookside Mine in Harlan County, Kentucky, went on strike against Duke Power Company in June 1973, Kopple went there to film the strike, which the UMWA had helped to organize. Rumors flew that a "hippie crew from New York" was sniffing around the strike. "[12], In a 2015 interview with Variety, Kopple was asked if she was in danger while working on this film. “That’s what a scab will do to ya, by God,” he says, his voice quavering with emotion. The film retains all of its power, in the story of a miners' strike in Kentucky where the company employed armed goons to escort scabs into the mines, and the most effective picketers were the miners' wives -- articulate, indominable, courageous. It reflected the culture of the people of Harlan County and showed the power of folk music that was a living part of their culture. Cal Winslow takes a look back. She said that the mine owners would hire "local prisoners to beat people up, [shoot] at houses. She decided it was the more compelling subject, so switched the focus of her film. [11], In the film's 2004 Criterion Collection special feature, The Making of Harlan County, USA, associate director Anne Lewis compares Scott to Women's Liberation activists. Cal Winslow takes a look back. With Holly Hunter, Stellan Skarsgård, Ted Levine, Wayne Robson. This film documents the coal miners' strike against the Brookside Mine of the Eastover Mining Company in Harlan County, Kentucky in June, 1973. Hôtel Terminus: The Life and Times of Klaus Barbie, I Am a Promise: The Children of Stanton Elementary School, Into the Arms of Strangers: Stories of the Kindertransport, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Harlan_County,_USA&oldid=1013535216, Best Documentary Feature Academy Award winners, Documentary films about coal in the United States, Documentary films about labor relations in the United States, Miners' labor disputes in the United States, United States National Film Registry films, Short description is different from Wikidata, All Wikipedia articles written in American English, Articles with unsourced statements from September 2020, Wikipedia articles with WorldCat-VIAF identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Norman Yarborough - Eastover Mining president, John Corcoran - Consolidation Coal president, John O'Leary - former US Bureau of Mines director, Donald Rasmussen - Black Lung Clinic, West Virginia, "Forty-Two Years", written and sung by Nimrod Workman, instrumental by Kenny Kosek, "Come All You Coal Miners", written and sung by, "Black Lung", written and sung by Hazel Dickens, "Cold Blooded Murder", written and sung by Hazel Dickens, "Miners Life", traditional instrumental performed by David Morris's Band, "Which Side Are You On", written and sung by Florence Reece (as Florence Reese), additional lyrics by Joshua Waletzky (as Josh Waletzky), "This Little Light of Mine", written by Harry Dixon Loes (uncredited), sung by, "Coal Tattoo", additional lyrics and sung by David Morris, "Trouble Among Yearlings", instrumental by Country Cookin', "Lone Prairie", by Roscoe Holcomb and Wade Ward, "They'll Never Keep Us Down", written and sung by Hazel Dickens, accompanied by Lamar Grier, John Katarakis, John Otsuka, and Gary Henderson, In 1990, the film was selected for the United States, Gail Pellet, "The Making of Harlan County, USA: An Interview with Barbara Kopple,". Hazel Dickens's folk song lyrics of 'United we stand, divided we fall' and Florence Reece's lyrics for "Which Side Are You On?" "Tony" Boyle for the presidency of the UMWA in 1969, but lost in an election widely viewed as corrupt. The camera crew is attacked as well. The current popularity and cultural importance of documentaries would have been inconceivable in 1976, when Harlan County USA briefly ignited commercial movie screens. 'Harlan County, USA - Rent Movies and TV Shows on DVD and Blu-ray. While our spaces remain closed due to Covid-19, the spirit of BAM is very much alive. She reveals that the head scab, Basil Collins, wanted to hire someone to shoot her; however, the most dangerous incidents were the acts of violence by the mine owners against the miners. The music used in Harlan County, USA was considered integral to conveying the culture of the miners. Miners in Harlan County, Kentucky, have drawn national attention with their direct action—occupying a railroad track to halt a coal train until the miners get paid the wages they are owed for digging it up. Rounder Records – 11661-4026-2 Follows a 1973 coal mine strike in Harlan County, Kentucky. Meanwhile, the striking miners, many of whom are living in squalid conditions without utilities or running water, were offered a 4% pay increase, at a time when the estimated cost of living increase was 7% for that same year. Barbara Kopple. The local timezone is named " America/New York " with a UTC offset of -4 hours. At their best Kopple and photographer Hart Perry bear unassuming, expressive witness to the experiences, aspirations and abiding grievances of the Brookside miners and their wives, who organized auxiliary strike actions. Although these miners today have no union, the mines of Harlan County have a storied history of grassroots labor militancy. Although realistic dramas still attracted mass audiences—as evidenced by Dog Day … "Harlan County, USA" is real-life drama of the highest order. Read more. The current popularity and cultural importance of documentaries would have been inconceivable in 1976, when Harlan County USA briefly ignited commercial movie screens. Harlan County, USA is a 1976 American documentary film covering the "Brookside Strike" [1] a 1973 effort of 180 coal miners and their wives against the Duke Power Company-owned Eastover Coal Company's Brookside Mine and Prep Plant in Harlan County, southeast Kentucky.It won the Oscar for Best Documentary at the 49th Academy Awards.. Harlan County, USA By Randy Haberkamp Oscar’s Docs, 1964–85: The Front Lines at Home and Abroad program notes, 2011 Reprinted by permission of the author and the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences “I’m a politician first, a filmmaker second,” said Barbara Kopple during the release of her first documentary feature film, “Harlan Be sure to peruse our current offerings and keep an eye on this page as we’ll be continuously rolling out new programs and events—all designed for the virtual space—as a way to stay responsive to what’s going on, both at BAM and in the world at large. It contains a famous scene where guns are fired at the strikers in the darkness before dawn, and Kopple and her cameraman are knocked down and beaten. Harlan County, USA followed 200 coal-mining families and their battle to get their rights, what every human being needs, and yet it's unbaised. Educational, Human Rights, Society / 8 Comments A man crouches and pokes at what first appears to be a wad of chewed-up pink bubble gum on the ground. If the film crew hadn't been sympathetic to our cause, we would've lost. Striking coal miners in Kentucky set the stage for human drama of an epic nature. Barbara Kopple’s Academy Award–winning Harlan County USA unflinchingly documents a grueling coal miners’ strike in a small Kentucky town. I rented Harlan County USA for Labor Day and found it, not surprisingly, to be an extremely absorbing documentary. Later that year, Yablonski and his family were found murdered in their home. Disutradarai dan diproduksi oleh Barbara Kopple, yang telah lama … A former VISTA volunteer, she had worked on other documentaries, especially as an advocate of workers' rights. This sticking point became moot when, a few years after the strike, the UMWA folded the agreement won by this group of workers into a global contract. Pollitt, D. H. (1991, April 17). In the documentary, his mother can be seen breaking down during his funeral, screaming and being carried away by male attendees. For example, when the strike breakers and others hired by the company show up early in the film—the strikers call them "gun thugs"—the company people tried to keep their guns hidden from the camera. Directed by Tony Bill. The current popularity and cultural importance of documentaries would have been inconceivable in 1976, when Harlan County USA briefly ignited commercial movie screens. She followed them to picket in front of the Stock Exchange in New York City, filming interviews with people affected by black lung disease, and miners being shot at while striking. Harlan County, USA is one of the greatest documentaries ever made. It’s political, it’s violent, it’s ethnic. He described the film as "One of the better and more rousing labor strike films that calls attention to class war in America, though it doesn't offer enough analysis or balance on the issues (it sees the struggle solely through the miners' eyes)...The film does a good job chronicling the plight of the miners and telling their personal stories in a moving way, and the meaningful catchy coal mining songs add to the emotional impact of the historical event. Harlan County USA divides us into two groups: Those that love it and those that hate it. The current popularity and cultural importance of documentaries would have been inconceivable in 1976, when Harlan County USA briefly ignited commercial movie screens. Composed of songs featured in Barbara Kopple's Academy Awardr-winning film 'Harlan County USA' 'Harlan County USA: Songs of the Coal Miner's Struggle' is a chilling musical reflection of the coal mining experience. It was the dawn of the blockbuster age: the buzz around Jaws had barely receded, and Star Wars loomed on the horizon. Parents need to know that Harlan County, USA is a riveting and intense 1976 documentary chronicling a 13-month miners' strike in eastern Kentucky that shows violent altercations between strikers and union-busters, as well as the funeral of a murdered striker where family members are expressing deep shock and sorrow. Be sure to peruse our current offerings and keep an eye on this page as we’ll be continuously rolling out new programs and events—all designed for the virtual space—as a way to stay responsive to what’s going on, both at BAM and in the world at large. [citation needed], Gary Arnold of the Washington Post praised the film, saying that Kopple "has emerged with a stirring, revealing testament to the courage, tenacity and dignity of Appalachian men and women whose livelihood depends on coal mining. 3 people found this helpful. Miners in Harlan County, Kentucky, have drawn national attention with their direct action—occupying a railroad track to halt a coal train until the miners get paid the wages they are owed for digging it up. The jolting power of Harlan County USA (1976) begins within minutes of its claustrophobic opening, as miners belly-flop onto a narrow conveyor belt sucking them into the clammy blackness of the mines. Directed by Barbara Kopple. With Holly Hunter, Stellan Skarsgård, Ted Levine, Wayne Robson. This film documents the coal miners' strike against the Brookside Mine of the Eastover Mining Company in Harlan County, Kentucky in June, 1973. Whenever Barbara returns to the subject of unions, it creates excitement among her devoted fans, and we expect that to be the case with The Last Strike. 34. Parents need to know that Harlan County, USA is a riveting and intense 1976 documentary chronicling a 13-month miners' strike in eastern Kentucky that shows violent altercations between strikers and union-busters, as well as the funeral of a murdered striker where family members are expressing deep shock and sorrow. Harlan County, USA is one of the greatest documentaries ever made. Jones was well liked, young, and had a 16-year-old wife, and a baby. Harlan County, USA is a 1976 Oscar-winning documentary film covering the "Brookside Strike" ,an effort of 180 coal miners and their wives against the Duke Power Company-owned Eastover Coal Company's Brookside Mine and Prep Plant in Harlan County, southeast Kentucky in 1973. From Barbara Kopple's Harlan County USA. The song, Florence Reece, and the Harlan miner's strike feature in episode 2 of Damnation. Harlan County, USA is a 1976 American documentary film covering the "Brookside Strike"[1] a 1973 effort of 180 coal miners and their wives against the Duke Power Company-owned Eastover Coal Company's Brookside Mine and Prep Plant in Harlan County, southeast Kentucky. Although realistic dramas still attracted mass audiences—as evidenced by Dog Day … pdx2nyc. No late fees. The song plays during the end credits of the 2016 drama In Dubious Battle. Marietta’s wife’s family is from Harlan County and he moved to the area in 2015. Harlan County, USA is a 1976 Oscar-winning documentary film covering the "Brookside Strike" ,an effort of 180 coal miners and their wives against the Duke Power Company-owned Eastover Coal Company's Brookside Mine and Prep Plant in Harlan County, southeast Kentucky in 1973. In: A. McColl. Harlan County, USA A 1976 documentary film covering the “Brookside Strike”, an effort of 180 coal miners and their wives against the Duke Power Company-owned Eastover Coal Company’s Brookside Mine and Prep Plant in Harlan County, southeast Kentucky in 1973. SUMMARY OF FACTS The film’s central focus may be the real-life records of a reach stages by miners in the Brookside Mine against Fight it out Power Company, a sizable energy company in the United States, due to its alleged unjust labor procedures, dangerous operating conditions, and low income. Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature. Harlan County, USA. A Kentucky woman whose mine-worker husband is nearly killed in a cave-in, and whose father is slowly dying of black lung disease, joins the picket lines for a long, violent strike. Local time in Ten Spot is now 03:14 AM (Tuesday) . Which side were they on? Director Barbara Kopple puts the strike into perspective by giving us some background on the historical plight of the miners and some history of the UMWA. It was directed and produced by filmmaker Barbara Kopple, then early in her filmmaking career. Almost a full year into the strike, miner Lawrence Jones was fatally shot during a scuffle. Harlan County, USA - Wikipedia. Although realistic dramas still attracted mass audiences—as evidenced by Dog Day … In one scene, Scott pulls a pistol from her bra. Harlan County, USA adalah sebuah film dokumenter pemenang Oscar tahun 1976 yang menyoroti "Serangan Brookside", sebuah upaya dari 180 penambang batubara dan para istri mereka melawan Eastover Coal Company's Brookside Mine and Prep Plant milik Duke Power Company di Harlan County, tenggara Kentucky pada 1973. 1-month free trial! The company insisted on having a no-strike clause in the proposed new contract. The people had to line their walls with mattresses."[13]. 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