[120], Records of Golden Horde existence reach however as far as end of 18th century and it was mentioned in works of Russian publisher Nikolay Novikov in his work of 1773 "Ancient Russian Hydrography". The ministers were called viziers. The infant Ulaghchi succeeded him under the regency of Boragchin Khatun. [15] The khanate apparently used the term White Horde to refer to its right wing, which was situated in Batu's home base in Sarai and controlled the ulus. The increasing tension between Berke and Hulagu was a warning to the Golden Horde contingents in Hulagu's army that they had better escape. [114][115], One of Ulugh Muhammad's sons, Qasim Khan, fled to Moscow, where Vasily II granted him land that became the Qasim Khanate[113], In 1458, Janibek Khan and Kerei Khan led 200,000 of Abu'l-Khayr Khan's followers eastwards to the Chu River where Esen Buqa II of Moghulistan granted them pasture lands. While the Mongolian language was undoubtedly in general use at the court of Batu, few Mongol texts written in the territory of the Golden Horde have survived, perhaps because of the prevalent general illiteracy. In 1257, he repelled Mongol assaults led by the prince Kuremsa on Ponyzia and Volhynia and dispatched an expedition with the aim of taking Kiev. Batu, Möngke, and other princely lines shared rule over the area from Afghanistan to Turkey. His successor, Abu'l-Khayr Khan, founded the Uzbek Khanate. By 1315, Öz Beg had successfully Islamicized the Horde and killed Jochid princes and Buddhist lamas who opposed his religious policy. As soon as he returned from the court of the Great Khan in Mongolia, Sartaq died. Kaidu tried to restore his influence in the Golden Horde by sponsoring his own candidate Kobeleg against Bayan (r. 1299–1304), Khan of the White Horde. [59], In 1283, Mengu-Timur converted to Islam and abandoned state affairs. An Egyptian envoy was also detained there. Meanwhile, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania attacked the western tributaries of the Golden Horde and conquered Kiev and Podolia after the Battle of Blue Waters in 1363. His successor Yury of Moscow also seized Pereslavl-Zalessky. By the 1380s, the Shaybanids and Qashan attempted to break free of the Khan's power. Mamai hired Genoese, Circassian, and Alan mercenaries for another attack on Moscow in 1380. 330 - Constantine the Great establishes the new capital of the Roman Empire at the city of Byzantium. Berdi Beg (1357–1359) Drawing of Mongols of the Golden Horde outside Vladimir presumably demanding submission before sacking the city, Paiza of Abdullah Khan (r. 1361–70) with Mongolian script, A Rus' prince being punished by the Golden Horde, Batu Khan (1242–1256) The Jochids believed that Hulagu's state eliminated their presence in the Transcaucasus. Nogai forced Michael VIII Palaiologos to release Kaykaus and pay tribute to the Horde. 8 Agora (2009) - 53% [80] Al-Nasir Muhammad came to believe that Tulunbay was not a real Chingissid princess but an impostor. [72], In 1304 ambassadors from the Mongol rulers of Central Asia and the Yuan announced to Toqta their general peace proposal. Moving north, Batu began the Mongol invasion of Rus' and spent three years subjugating the principalities of former Kievan Rus', whilst his cousins Möngke, Kadan, and Güyük moved southwards into Alania. After he ravaged the villages of Tver, Yury was defeated by Mikhail in December 1318, and his new wife and the Mongol general, Kawgady, were captured. [125] Tokhtamysh also crushed the Lithuanian army at Poltava in the next year. Toqta thus refused and declared war on Nogai. 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